knjiga

From the 1996 a new five years lasting set of basic studies has been financed by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Republic of Serbia. The teachers and associates from the Psychology Department, Faculty of Philosophy in Novi Sad, have entered these studies throughout 8 investigation themes. Six of them, joined under the title "Psychological Implications of the Society in Transition" have been carried out in the frame of the project "An Individual and a Group in the Frame of Social Transition". These are concerned with phenomenology of the war victims post-traumatic disturbance caused by a stress experienced by the war in ex-Yugoslavia (holder Prof. Miklo{ Biro, Ph.D.); psychological factors of children's trauma (holder Prof. Nila Kapor-Stanulovi}, Ph.D.) and with changes of psychotherapists' values (holder assistant professor Sne`ana Milenkovi}, Ph.D.), adolescents' personality (holder Prof. Uro{ Mladenovi}, Ph.D.) and with the questions of an organizationally-business culture crisis and with the youth value orientations in the conditions of social transition (holder Prof. Branislav ^uki}, Ph.D.), as well as with establishing relations between basic dimensions of personality and dimensions proceeded from psychodynamic theories (holder Prof. Ignjat Ignjatovi}, Ph.D.). The two themes left have been carried out in the frame of the project "Fundamental Psychic Functions" and these are concerned with pedagogical implications of metalinguistic capabilities development in multilingual milieu (holder Prof. Lajo{ Genc, Ph.D.) and with changes in Yugoslav psychology proceeded from the changes in Yugoslav society (holder Prof. Pero [ipka, Ph.D.).
Some of the essays from this volume came out as a result of the first year of investigation, while a part of the results presented has already been published in journals in our country and abroad and given on national and international scientific meetings.

Novi Sad, December 15th 1996 Editors

Branislav ^uki}

FLUCTUATION CORRELATES AT THE BEGINNING AND AT THE CLIMAX OF TRANSITION CRISIS

The essay establishes changes in the correlate's fluctuation structure of the workers in the "Monta`a / Assembly / Dept. Of factory "Zastava Yugo automobiles" being occurred from 1988 to 1996 (from the beginning to the climax of the company transition crisis). The study was organized in two longitudinal sequences, and measurement of 22 variables was done at the individual level for the representative sample of 515 workers. Mainly the collecting of objective data from the factory's computer documentation was applied, except for two variables that were measured by a simple survey questionnaire. As one of the research goals had been to establish possible fluctuation predictors, a multiple regression analysis was applied. The comparison between the fluctuation correlates established in 1988 and those from 1996 points out that during crisis development a usual cause-consequence dynamic of distance behaviour vanished. Hence, it is necessary to articulate an adequate strategy to stop dissipation of human resources and to initiate a new gathering around the company in transition.

KEY WORDS: Fluctuation, Distance behaviour, Transition, Crisis, Organizational identification, Human resources.

Izabela Hubert, Jasna Karanjac, Aleksandar Vasi}

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LIBIDO FIXATIONS MEASURED BY THE FR-3 QUESTIONNAIRE AND PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS MEASURED BY THE MK-241 TEST

Questionnaires FR-3, designed according to the Freud-Abraham's model for measuring libido fixations, and MK-241, intended for personality dimensions estimation according to the cybernetic model of conative functioning, were applied on the sample of 130 subjects, both sexes, and of the age between 20 and 70.
Firstly, the data were analyzed under the principal components model with the application of G-K criteria and normalized Varimax solution, and secondly under the model of canonical correlational analysis.
In the first part of the analysis 22 new variables had been obtained within the space of measurement of the FR-3, and 24 new variables within the space of measurement of the MK241. The examination of the relationships between these sets of new variables have given 6 statistically significant pairs of canonical factors, with canonical correlation coefficients .82, .78, .72, .71 and .68.

KEY WORDS: Personality questionnaires, Libido fixations, Personality dimensions, Canonical correlation, Correlation analysis.

Jasmina Kod`opelji}, Lajo{ Genc

PHONEMIC CONSCIOUSNESS AS A FACTOR OF THE ADOPTION OF READING

In the essay we examined the relationship between development of phonemic word segmentation capability at late preschool age, and later success in the adoption of reading. The sample consisted of 100 randomly chosen children, who were interrogated twice. The first time at late preschool age (between 6 and 7), when the presence of phonemic consciousness according to the modified technique of I. Liberman had been established, and the second time during the first grade in primary school, when the success in primary reading was tested (reading speed, faults in reading, understanding of what is being read, success on the test for word differentiation). It was noticed that the children with developed capability for phonemic word segmentation had shown a much bigger success in the primal adoption of reading, comparing to the children whose capability had not yet been formed on late preschool age. Better success was obvious in reading speed of an unknown text; fewer faults made during readings, as well as in reading of isolated words. Differences between groups in understanding of the read were not found.

KEY WORDS: Capability of phonemic word segmentation, Adoption of reading, Metalinguistic capabilities.

Uro{ Mladenovi}

AN ANALYSIS OF SOME CONATIVE DIMENSIONS OF MALE ADOLESCENTS' PERSONALITY DEPENDING ON THEIR ETHNIC BACKGROUND

Some conative personality dimensions were observed on the sample of males of different ethnic background, after having concluded that there are significant gender differences in adolescents' personality dimensions. Cattell's test HSPQ - form A, and Eysenck's questionnaire EPQ were applied. Total number of the adolescents studied (16 and 19 years old) was: 538 girls and 521 boys. The subjects were of Montenegrin, Ruthenian, Slovakian and Serbian ethnic background. The hypothesis that adolescents of both sexes differ significantly from each other regarding conative dimensions has been confirmed by a procedure of multiple discriminant analysis and analysis of variance. It has also been confirmed that there are similarities and differences concerning same conative dimensions between male adolescents of different ethnic background.

KEY WORDS: Adolescents, Conative dimensions, Personality, Ethnic background, Discriminative function, Similarities, Differences.

Djurdjina Ruk, Dragana Mom~ilov

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE SUPERIORITY COMPLEX MEASURED BY THE SUCOMP SCALE AND EYSENCK'S PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS EPQ (R'96)

Relationships between a set of variables operationalizing Eysenck's dimensions of personality and Adler's construct of superiority have been investigated by a canonical correlation analyses. A pair of statistically significant canonical dimensions on the level p<.001, with a canonical correlation that amounts to .97 has been obtained. On the basis of the results it has been concluded: an experience of cognitive superiority is related to the lack of apathy, anxiety and protensity. The presence of impulsiveness in behaviour, asociability, but also empathy lowers a person's conviction in his/her own cognitive superiority. Feeling of cognitive superiority is closely related to emotional stability and normative morality.

KEY WORDS: Canonical correlation analysis, Eysenck's personality dimensions, Superiority complex, Questionnaire.

Aleksandra Trogrli}, Dragan Kurbalija

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ITEMS OF SEG-7 S-R SCALE AND FACTORS FROM EPQ 103 QUESTIONNAIRE

Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire EPQ 103, and the short version of S-R scale SEG-7 intended for morality assessment, were administered on the sample of 542 subjects, males and females, age from 16 to 65. By a component analysis with normalized Varimax procedure, in the EPQ space, four given factors have been defined that correspond in high degree (regarding their item content) to theoretical dimensions of neuroticism, conformism, introversion-extraversion and psychoticism. Relationships between four mentioned personality dimensions and 36 items from the scale SEG-7 have been investigated by a canonical correlation analysis. Two pairs of statistically significant canonical factors, with canonical correlation from .50 and .46, have been obtained.

KEY WORDS: EPQ 130, Personality dimensions, SEG-7, Factor analysis, Canonical correlation analysis.

Branislav Kosanovi}, Jelena [akoti}

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS FROM THE EYSENCK'S QUESTIONNAIRE EPQ-103 (R'96) AND INFANTILE INFERIORITY MEASURED BY THE ININ SCALE

One possible solution for the investigation of the relationships between the Eysenck's personality model and the Adler's construct of infantile inferiority is applied in the paper. On the sample of 88 students (both males and females), age from 20 to 30, Eysenck's EPQ-103 (r'96) and the ININ scale, developed for the measurement of infantile inferiority, were administered. In order to improve reliability of initial variables from Eysenck's questionnaire, factor method of minimal residuals was applied, and, according to the unit criterion, 30 latent variables were obtained. Afterwards, relationships between the latent variables of the EPQ questionnaire and the set of variables intended for exploration of infantile inferiority were examined by a canonical correlation analysis. Two pairs of statistically significant canonical dimensions were obtained, with canonical correlation coefficients of .95 and .93. On the basis of the results were formulated two hypotheses: on the relatedness of the infantile inferiority, followed by anxiety and search for support in other people, with morality, and on the association between extreme infantile inferiority, followed by dependence from the others but also by a tendency towards introversion, and antisocial aggressiveness.

KEY WORDS: Personality questionnaire, Eysenck's personality model, Infantile inferiority, Factor analysis, Canonical correlation analysis

Sne`ana Milenkovi}

AN INVESTIGATION OF VALUE ORIENTATIONS OF PSYCHOTHERAPISTS IN OUR MILIEU

This investigation of value orientations of our psychotherapists was carried out on the sample of psychotherapists of various theoretical orientations, responsible for initiating different therapeutic directions in our milieu (mostly in Belgrade), and for their spreading as well. Results of the investigation confirmed the initial hypotheses: that it is possible to isolate different groups of psychotherapists on the basis of their different values and value orientations, as well as to establish similarities among them, mostly due to their similar university education, team work and frequent contacts which enable the exchange of ideas as well as higher flexibility in accepting the values supported by other therapeutic orientations. High agreement of psychotherapists in their answers to a great number of questions points out to the existence of a general common value system of studied psychotherapists, independently from their therapeutical orientation. Collected data (interviews) were analyzed by the method of taxonomic analysis, which proved to be the most suitable for solving the problems of typology.

KEY WORDS: Values, Value orientation, Psychotherapy, Psychotherapists, Taxonomic analysis

Marija Zotovi}, Nila Kapor-Stanulovi}

A COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO MEASURING INSTRUMENTS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF TRAUMATIC EVENTS ON CHILDREN

Compared were Test for the Assessment of Psychological Consequences of Trauma (Wolf 1996) and the Impact of Event Scale (Horowitz et al. 1979). By these techniques were examined children who have traumatic events of different kinds and intensity in their experience. The obtained results indicated that the instruments assessed related but not equal ways of reacting on experienced traumas. Association between the degree of objective exposition to traumatic events and the intensity of disturbance appearing as a consequence of these events was registered.

Key words: Test for psychic consequences of trauma judging, Impact Event Scale, post-traumatic stressful disturbance, trauma

Vesna Petrovi}

WAR TRAUMA AND THE EXPERIENCE OF DEATH AT CHILDREN

The essay illustrates child's war trauma and its consequences, the mutual action of a trauma and the consequence that traumatic death leaves on a child. When a sudden death occurs, totally unexpectedly, and when a child happens to be a witness or when he/she comes out alive from such a situation, it would not cause mourning only, but also a trauma and traumatic reactions. In a war situation these circumstances of death are the most frequent ones. After the presentation of the war trauma consequences as well as the consequences of traumatic mourning, the interventions after traumatic death and experience from the preventive intervention program carried out in primary schools in Vojvodina have been cited. The children to whom the preventive interventionist program has been applied are: 1) Children who had experienced the war directly, so called refugee children and 2) so called domestic children who had been stroked indirectly by the war effects. Total number of the children comprised is 4555, from which 483 are refugee children. School psychologists and homeroom teachers have been carrying out the program according to the principles of workshops with following themes: 1) the integration of refugee and domestic children; 2) death and losses; 3) overcoming of unpleasant feelings; 4) work with dreams; 5) future perspectives; 5) principle of communication for highly stressful situations; 7) ways of conflict resolution. The effects of the program have been evaluated on the basis of the models for testing of differences observed at the studied children reactions before and after the program. The data obtained in the evaluation point out that all children (domestic and refugees, boys and girls) have being accepted death more realistically and expressed their feelings more openly after the application of the program.

Sanja Ri~ka, Nila Kapor-Stanulovi}

LOCUS OF CONTROL AND MODALITIES FOR STRESS OVERCOMING IN
CHILDREN WHO EXPERIENCED AN INTENSIVE STRESS

Locus of control and strategies for stress overcoming, as well as mutual relationship between these two constructs, were studied on two groups of primary school pupils of the same age. It was started from the hypothesis that the presence of specific traumatic experiences, related to dwelling in areas affected by the war and to the experience of refugeeism (experimental group), would determine the differences in ways for stress overcoming and in the locus of control between the experimental and control group. The obtained results (after data analyses by a canonical correlation analysis and analysis of variance) do not confirm the existence of the relationship between the locus of control type and ways of stress overcoming used by one person. Furthermore, the results indicate that both groups of subjects posses higher internal locus of control, what leads to the conclusion that experience of trauma did not cause the appearance of the external locus of control in the experimental group, what was the initial hypothesis, concerning experienced feeling of "weakness" in controlling their own destiny in the previous period of life. Significant differences are found in the strategies for stress overcoming used by subjects from the experimental and from the control group. Subjects from the experimental group, with multiple and very stressful experiences, are much more inclined to use active, towards concrete action directed strategies, while the examinees from the control group to a great extent tend to use strategies based on social support and imagination.

Du{anka Mitrovi}, Smiljana Gardinova~ki

RELATIONS OF ANTIINTERCEPTIVENESS MEASURED BY THE AaIi SCALE AND THE AUTHORITARIANISM SCALE FROM THE MK-240 QUESTIONNAIRE

On the sample of 113 subjects (both males and females), age from 20 to 70, scale for the assessment of antiinterceptiveness, AaIi (Ignjatovic, Orozovic, Stojanovic, Marinkovic, Bujak, Mitrovic, Kosanovic, 1996), consisting of 40 items, and authoritarianism scale A from the MK-240 questionnaire (Dzamonja, Wolf, Sipka, Ignjatovic, Momirovic, 1978), consisting of 30 items, were applied. Canonical correlational analysis was used for establishing relationships between the two sets of variables. Four pairs of statistically significant canonical factors were obtained, with canonical correlation coefficients magnitudes of 0,931, 0,915, 0,884 and 0,872. The first pair of canonical factors was interpreted as a relationship between the authoritarian aggressive morality, and utilitarian orientation as a rationalization of the antiintraceptiveness. The second pair of canonical factors consisted of the authoritarian submissiveness on the on hand, and of antiemphatic false altruism on the other. The third pair of canonical factors was determined by traditionalism that instills the content of both factors of the pair. Canonical factors from the fourth pair were determined as the authoritarian sadism and antiintraceptive hostility, two factors aggressive in content.

Key words: authoritarianism, antiinterceptiveness, AaIi questionnaire, A scale from the questionnaire MK-240, canonical correlation analysis

Pero [ipka, Petar Milin, Jarmila Bujak

THEMATIC CONTENT OF GRADUATE THESES IN PSYCHOLOGY

Thematic content of graduate theses defended at the Department of Psychology, Novi Sad University, have been analyzed by a computer procedure. The content of the theses have been described with the help of descriptors (key words) generalized from the titles of analyzed works. With descriptors the works have been classified in the categories corresponding to the main psychological disciplines. Distribution of works frequency after the categories has been compared to the three analogous criterion classifications of publicist, researching and special interests of active psychologists. The results have shown that students while choosing a theme are primary guided by practically-economical reasons. Rank order of the themes chosen stands out very much from the criterion lists. Especially noticeable is the disharmony with the interests of the psychologists employed. A difference is mostly present in the fact that in graduate theses themes from personnel-industrial psychology have been neglected. Engagement of a teacher as a mentor has also been related to the content of the works. The results have pointed out the existence of uneven distribution and shown that a part of the teaching stuff is overburden. It has been concluded that is the main reason for stereotype graduate theses. Although some teachers take over mentor obligations out of their specialty field, their engagement is not enough for noticed anomaly to be removed. Generally speaking, the results call on an effort to be made in order to the content of graduate theses be much more diverse as well as to bring it to a conformity with future professional roles of graduate psychologists.

Key words: graduate theses, content analyses, fields of psychology, mentors

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FAMILY FUNCTIONING AND AUTHORITARIANISM
Bojan Todosijevic

On the sample of secondary school students from Subotica (N=403) hypothesis on family antecedents of authoritarianism (Adorno et al., 1950) has been checked out. Authoritarianism was operationalized by the scale AUT (37 items), intended for measurement of three hypothetical components of the authoritarianism: conventionalism, authoritarian aggressiveness and authoritarian submissiveness. Perception of family functioning was assessed by the scale FAD-S (23 items). Relationships between the (perception of) family functioning and authoritarianism have been determined by calculation of correlation coefficients between factors from the scales AUT and FAD-S.
Contrary to the original hypothesis are findings that favourable experience of a family as harmonic one and conventionalism are positively correlated, as well as negative correlation between the acceptance of authoritarian ideology and perceived alienation between family members. In accordance with the original theory are: negative correlation between destructiveness and cynicism and harmonic family relations, and positive one with familial hostility and family disorder; and positive correlation between submissiveness and family alienation.
Methodological problems of questionnaire-type studies of family antecedents of the authoritarianism (inconclusiveness caused by multidirectional nature of hypothesized psychological processes) have also been discussed.

Key words: authoritarianism, family functioning, factor analysis, FAD

FREUD & EYSENCK THROUGH CANONICAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE ITEMS OF THE SCALES FR-3 AND EPQ (96)

Ignjat Ignjatovi}, Tanja Jevremov

Within a battery of personality tests, questionnaires FR-3, developed for eliciting fixations of the libido, destrudo and fugido, as well as the bases of paranoid and depressive position (M. Klein), and improved translation of Eysenck's 103-items EPQ, were administrated to the sample of 384 respondents, of various age, sex and education. The respondents' answers to the individual items were included in the canonical correlational analysis as variables. Obtained were five pairs of significant canonical factors (p<.01) with successive canonical correlation coefficients of .895, .870, .854, .842 and .828.
It was attempted to interpret the results with starting hypotheses that to the apparent Eysenck's E corresponds sublimated libido, to the apparent P - mortido in interaction with superego, and to the apparent N - fugido (energy of fear - anxiety).
The results are different.

Key words: personality dimensions, psychoanalysis, questionnaire, multivariate approach

Neboj{a Majstorovi}

THE LEVEL OF NEEDS AND INTERPERSONAL VALUES

On the sample of 574 employees of state-owned companies was performed an examination of the relationships between the level of needs and interpersonal values. The investigation was performed relying upon Maslow's theory of needs and Gordon's empirical approach to the interpersonal values. The results demonstrated that between the level of needs and interpersonal values exists a positive, moderately strong correlation, that physiological needs mainly do not correlate with the measured values, that needs for security and belonging correlate most strongly with the values of conformism, philanthropy and support, that the need for respect is followed by the inclination towards power, and the need for self-actualization by the inclination towards independence in relationships. It appeared that the age of respondents and occupational role shape the relation needs - values and make hypothetical basic two-dimensional structure of their relationship more complex. Three groups of employees were obtained by the taxonomization of similarities according to the system of interpersonal values and their motivational basis: Workmen (up to the secondary school level), Line Leaders, and Top Managers and Experts.

Key words: interpersonal values, level of needs, correlation analysis, canonical factors

Du{anka Mitrovi}, Tatjana Bari{i}

RELATIONSHIPS OF THE SUPERIORITY COMPLEX SCALE SUCOMP AND ADORNO'S (CALIFORNIAN) F SCALE

On the sample of 103 examinees, both sexes, age from 20 to 30, were administered SUCOMP scale, designed for the assessment of the superiority complex, consisting of 38 items (I. Ignjatovic, T. Barisic, M. Visekruna, B. Vracar, B. Delic and Lj. Ignjatovic, 1995), and the F version of the Authoritarianism scale (Adorno et al., 1950), consisting of 28 items (Californian F scale). For determination of relationships between these two sets of variables was used canonical correlational analysis. Extracted was one pair of statistically significant canonical factors, with the canonical correlation coefficient of R=0,939. Canonical factor from the SUCOMP scale was interpreted as a mask of superiority supported by the projection and compulsive competitiveness. Canonical factor from the F scale was interpreted as arrogance and power emphasizing. Similarity of the obtained factors led to the conclusion that the experience of superiority is the main source of their common variation. The results argue in favour of the independent existence of both investigated dimensions.

Key words: superiority complex, authoritarianism, canonical correlation analysis